What is Lung Nodules?
A lung nodule is a small, round or oval spot in the lung, usually less than 3 cm in size, often found incidentally on a chest X-ray or CT scan done for another reason.
Most lung nodules are not cancer — they may be scars from old infections such as TB, or benign growths. However, some need further evaluation, so a careful risk assessment is important.
Common symptoms
- Usually no symptoms — most nodules are discovered incidentally
- Rarely, cough or coughing up blood if related to an underlying disease
Possible causes & risk factors
- Healed infections such as tuberculosis or fungal infections
- Benign growths (for example hamartoma)
- Inflammatory conditions
- Early lung cancer or spread from cancers elsewhere (less common)
When should you consult a pulmonologist?
- A nodule has been reported on your chest X-ray or CT scan
- You have a history of smoking or of cancer
- A nodule has grown on a follow-up scan
Diagnostic investigations
Your evaluation is tailored to your symptoms and history. It may include:
- Review of the nodule's size, shape, density and growth on CT
- Comparison with any previous imaging
- Risk assessment based on age, smoking history and other factors
- Surveillance CT scans at recommended intervals
- PET-CT in selected cases
- Bronchoscopic or CT-guided biopsy when indicated
Available treatment approaches
- Many nodules need only monitoring with follow-up scans
- Biopsy when the risk profile suggests further evaluation
- Referral for surgery or other treatment when appropriate
- Smoking cessation support
Treatment is individualised. The options above are general information; your doctor will recommend what is appropriate for you after assessment. Outcomes vary from person to person.
Frequently asked questions
Not necessarily. The majority of small lung nodules are benign. Your doctor will estimate the risk and recommend either follow-up imaging or further tests.
Very small, low-risk nodules are best monitored, because biopsy carries some risk and small nodules are often difficult to sample. Follow-up scans can safely show whether a nodule is stable.
